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HarmonyOS NEXT 单元测试与自动化测试指南：构建可靠的测试体系

1. 测试基础概念

1.1 测试类型概述

测试类型	测试范围	测试目标	适用场景
单元测试	独立函数/类	功能正确性	业务逻辑验证
组件测试	UI组件	渲染/交互	界面功能验证
集成测试	多个模块	模块协作	功能流程验证
E2E测试	整个应用	用户场景	完整流程验证

1.2 测试工具配置

// package.json
{
  "devDependencies": {
    "@ohos/hypium": "^1.0.0",
    "@ohos/test-runner": "^1.0.0"
  },
  "scripts": {
    "test": "ets test",
    "test:unit": "ets test -u",
    "test:e2e": "ets test -e"
  }
}

2. 单元测试实现

2.1 基本测试用例

// utils.test.ts
import { describe, it, expect } from '@ohos/hypium';
import { formatDate, calculateTotal } from '../utils';

describe('Utils Functions', () => {
  // 日期格式化测试
  it('should format date correctly', () => {
    const date = new Date('2024-01-01');
    expect(formatDate(date)).toBe('2024-01-01');
  });
  
  // 总计计算测试
  it('should calculate total correctly', () => {
    const items = [
      { price: 10, quantity: 2 },
      { price: 20, quantity: 1 }
    ];
    expect(calculateTotal(items)).toBe(40);
  });
  
  // 边界条件测试
  it('should handle empty items array', () => {
    expect(calculateTotal([])).toBe(0);
  });
});

2.2 异步测试

// service.test.ts
import { describe, it, expect } from '@ohos/hypium';
import { UserService } from '../services/user';

describe('UserService', () => {
  let userService: UserService;
  
  beforeEach(() => {
    userService = new UserService();
  });
  
  // 异步请求测试
  it('should fetch user data', async () => {
    const user = await userService.getUser('123');
    expect(user).not.toBeNull();
    expect(user.id).toBe('123');
  });
  
  // 错误处理测试
  it('should handle fetch error', async () => {
    try {
      await userService.getUser('invalid');
      fail('Should throw error');
    } catch (error) {
      expect(error.message).toContain('User not found');
    }
  });
});

2.3 Mock和Stub

// api.mock.ts
import { Mock } from '@ohos/hypium';

export class ApiClientMock {
  @Mock
  async get(url: string): Promise<any> {
    if (url.includes('users')) {
      return {
        id: '123',
        name: 'Test User'
      };
    }
    throw new Error('Not found');
  }
}

// service.test.ts
describe('Service with Mocks', () => {
  let service: UserService;
  let apiClient: ApiClientMock;
  
  beforeEach(() => {
    apiClient = new ApiClientMock();
    service = new UserService(apiClient);
  });
  
  it('should use mocked API client', async () => {
    const user = await service.getUser('123');
    expect(user.name).toBe('Test User');
    expect(apiClient.get).toHaveBeenCalledWith('/users/123');
  });
});

3. 组件测试方法

3.1 组件渲染测试

// button.test.ets
import { describe, it, expect } from '@ohos/hypium';
import { CustomButton } from '../components/Button';

describe('CustomButton Component', () => {
  it('should render with correct text', () => {
    const button = new CustomButton({
      text: 'Click Me'
    });
    
    const wrapper = mount(button);
    expect(wrapper.text()).toBe('Click Me');
  });
  
  it('should handle click event', () => {
    const onClick = jest.fn();
    const button = new CustomButton({
      text: 'Click Me',
      onClick
    });
    
    const wrapper = mount(button);
    wrapper.trigger('click');
    expect(onClick).toHaveBeenCalled();
  });
});

3.2 状态变化测试

// counter.test.ets
describe('Counter Component', () => {
  it('should update count on button click', async () => {
    const counter = new Counter();
    const wrapper = mount(counter);
    
    expect(wrapper.find('#count').text()).toBe('0');
    
    await wrapper.find('button').trigger('click');
    expect(wrapper.find('#count').text()).toBe('1');
  });
  
  it('should handle state updates correctly', async () => {
    const counter = new Counter();
    const wrapper = mount(counter);
    
    // 多次点击测试
    for (let i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
      await wrapper.find('button').trigger('click');
    }
    
    expect(wrapper.find('#count').text()).toBe('3');
  });
});

4. 自动化测试框架

4.1 E2E测试配置

// e2e.config.ts
export default {
  specs: ['./test/e2e/**/*.test.ts'],
  capabilities: {
    platformName: 'HarmonyOS',
    deviceType: 'phone',
    app: './dist/app.hap'
  },
  framework: '@ohos/test-runner'
};

// login.e2e.ts
describe('Login Flow', () => {
  it('should login successfully', async () => {
    await element(by.id('username'))
      .typeText('testuser');
    await element(by.id('password'))
      .typeText('password123');
    await element(by.text('Login'))
      .tap();
    
    // 验证登录成功
    await expect(element(by.text('Welcome')))
      .toBeVisible();
  });
});

4.2 测试报告生成

// reporter.config.ts
export default {
  reporters: [
    'default',
    ['@ohos/test-reporter', {
      outputDir: './test-results',
      filename: 'test-report.html',
      includeScreenshots: true
    }]
  ]
};

5. 持续集成实践

5.1 CI配置示例

# .github/workflows/test.yml
name: Tests

on:
  push:
    branches: [ main ]
  pull_request:
    branches: [ main ]

jobs:
  test:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    
    steps:
    - uses: actions/checkout@v2
    
    - name: Setup Node.js
      uses: actions/setup-node@v2
      with:
        node-version: '14'
    
    - name: Install dependencies
      run: npm install
    
    - name: Run tests
      run: npm test
    
    - name: Upload test results
      uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2
      with:
        name: test-results
        path: test-results/

5.2 测试自动化脚本

// scripts/test-automation.ts
import { TestRunner } from '@ohos/test-runner';

async function runTests() {
  const runner = new TestRunner({
    // 配置测试环境
    environment: {
      deviceId: process.env.DEVICE_ID,
      platform: 'HarmonyOS'
    },
    
    // 配置测试套件
    suites: [
      {
        name: 'Unit Tests',
        pattern: 'test/unit/**/*.test.ts'
      },
      {
        name: 'E2E Tests',
        pattern: 'test/e2e/**/*.test.ts'
      }
    ],
    
    // 配置报告生成
    reporters: [
      {
        name: 'html',
        outputFile: 'test-results/report.html'
      },
      {
        name: 'junit',
        outputFile: 'test-results/junit.xml'
      }
    ]
  });
  
  try {
    const results = await runner.run();
    console.log('Test Results:', results);
    
    if (results.failed > 0) {
      process.exit(1);
    }
  } catch (error) {
    console.error('Test execution failed:', error);
    process.exit(1);
  }
}

runTests();

5.3 最佳实践建议

1. 测试策略

   • 制定合理的测试计划
   • 确定测试覆盖率目标
   • 优先测试关键功能

2. 测试用例设计

   • 覆盖边界条件
   • 包含错误处理
   • 保持用例独立性

3. 测试维护

   • 定期更新测试用例
   • 清理过时的测试
   • 优化测试性能

4. 持续集成

   • 自动化测试执行
   • 及时反馈测试结果
   • 集成代码覆盖率报告

通过建立完善的测试体系，可以有效保证应用的质量和稳定性。在实际开发中，要根据项目特点选择合适的测试策略，并持续优化测试流程。